Instructions for use provided by sodium nitrite manufacturers

Instructions for use provided by sodium nitrite manufacturers

Background and Overview

Sodium nitrite is a small colorless or slightly yellow crystal with a density of 2.168g / cm3. It is very soluble in water and very difficult to dissolve in anhydrous ethanol. It is toxic and deliquescent. It should be sealed against moisture and strong oxidizing. Friction or impact with sulfur, phosphorus, organics, etc. can cause combustion or explosion. Used for the synthesis of trace analysis reagents, oxidizing agents, diazotization reagents, nitrites or nitroso compounds, and is widely used as rust inhibitors, printing and dyeing, and preparation of azo dyes. The aqueous solution of sodium nitrite is weakly alkaline and can absorb oxygen from the air, so that sodium nitrite is gradually oxidized to sodium nitrate. Sodium nitrate and lead are mixed and heated to melt to produce sodium nitrite.

Poisoning rescue

Sodium nitrite is a toxic chemical that when combined with excessive amounts, can combine with hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood to be converted into methemoglobin (MetHb), causing blood cells to lose their oxygen-carrying capacity and causing tissue hypoxia. At the same time, as a strong oxidant, it can produce NO when it enters the human body, and when combined with anions, it can generate toxic substances, which can cause lipid peroxidation, and then generate a series of free radicals, which can invade the nervous system and produce neurotoxicity. Studies have shown that the intraperitoneal injection of sodium nitrite in mice can cause increased lipid peroxidation of the brain, the concentration of free radicals increases rapidly, causing acute hypoxic damage to the brain.

Among the medicinal materials of Astragalus lily granules, Astragalus is a traditional Chinese medicine for invigorating qi, which has the effects of invigorating qi and solidifying the surface, replenishing qi and detoxifying, converging sores and muscles, and replenishing qi. An effective ingredient, which has the functions of scavenging free radicals, reducing lipid peroxidation, inhibiting platelet aggregation, reducing brain edema, and prolonging the survival time of hypoxic mice; Lily is sweet and slightly cold, has lungs and cough, nourishing yin and eliminating heat, It has the functions of purifying the mind and calming the nerves. The lily saponin contains pharmacological effects such as scavenging free radicals and anti-oxidation; Rhodiola rosea is mainly grown in plateau areas and has the functions of relieving physical fatigue, enhancing endurance, antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-virus, anti-tumor Anti-inflammatory and nervous system protection, etc. It has the ability to improve the body's resistance to hypoxia; Chenpi tastes bitter, bitter, calm, non-toxic, has the functions of regulating qi and strengthening the spleen, dampness and phlegm, and its flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Oxidation, anti-cancer, hypolipidemic and other pharmacological activities. The above-mentioned medicinal materials all exhibit anti-oxidative damage activity, and have a protective effect on poisoning and hypoxic damage caused by sodium nitrite.

This experiment found that when the toxic dose (100 mg / kg) of sodium nitrite was given for 1 h, the content of MetHb and thiobarbituric acid reactant (TBARS) in each dose group of Huangqi Lily Granules was significantly reduced, indicating that the drug can be rapidly Reduce the content of MetHb, inhibit the level of membrane lipid peroxidation, and protect against hypoxic damage caused by sodium nitrite. Acute sodium nitrite poisoning has a damaging effect on the intestine. Through HE staining, it was found that the damage to the small intestinal mucosa in the middle and high dose groups of Huangqi Lily Granules was significantly reduced in the arrangement of villi, edema, shedding, and necrosis. The appearance of lymphatic follicles indicates that the drug improves the intestinal immunity and the proliferation of lymphoid tissues, and has a good protective effect on the intestine.

Negative hemoglobin (Ngb), as a kind of oxygen-carrying globulin, can release the oxygen carried by itself under stress in the acute hypoxic state of the brain to reduce the damage caused by hypoxia in brain tissue. Acute sodium nitrite poisoning and hypoxia can cause brain tissue damage. It was found by immunohistochemistry that the edema of cortical cells in the middle and high dose groups of Huangqi Lily Granules was significantly reduced, Ngb immunoreactive cells increased significantly, and the color was obviously darkened, indicating that the drug It has obvious antioxidant effect, which can reduce the hypoxic damage of neurons caused by sodium nitrite poisoning. During hypoxia in vivo, it may increase the expression of Ngb in brain tissue to increase the oxygen supply of hypoxic tissue or reduce the oxygen consumption of neurons to maintain The normal physiological function of the brain makes the brain tissue tolerant and adaptable to hypoxia and reduces brain tissue damage. Figure 2 shows that the blank group had less or no expression of Ngb in the cerebral cortex. Compared with the blank group, the brown and yellow particles in the cerebral cortex cytoplasm or nucleus of the model group increased significantly; compared with the model group, the positive control group and the Huangqi Lily particles in the medium and high dose groups also.

In summary, the protective mechanism of Huangqi Lily Granules against hypoxia caused by sodium nitrite poisoning may be achieved by reducing the content of MetHb, inhibiting the level of membrane lipid peroxidation, improving the pathology of the small intestine, and increasing the expression of Ngb.

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cyanide has a high affinity with the ferric iron (Fe3 +) of the three-dimensional cytochrome oxidase, and when combined, it deactivates the enzyme and inhibits cellular respiration, resulting in cellular lactic acidosis and hypoxia. This series of oxidants can oxidize the ferric iron (Fe2 +) in hemoglobin to ferric iron (Fe3 +) to form methemoglobin. The binding capacity of Fe2 + and cyanide (CN-) in hemoglobin is stronger than that of Fe3 + of cytochrome oxidase. Even CN- that has been combined with cytochrome oxidase can re-release it and restore the activity of enzyme. However, the cyanated high-hemoglobin formed after the combination of high-hemoglobin and CN- gradually dissociated after a few minutes, released CN-, and reproduced the toxicity of cyanide. Therefore, this product only temporarily delays its toxicity to cyanide poisoning. This product still has a vasodilator effect. Intravenous injection works immediately.

Clinical application and indications

Used for cyanide poisoning.

Dosage

This product is a 3% aqueous solution, for intravenous use only, each 10 ~ 20ml (that is, 6 ~ 12mg / kg), injection 2 ~ 3ml per minute; if necessary, half or full amount can be repeated after 1 hour; serious adverse reactions should occur Stop injection of this product immediately. (1) The usual dose for adults: 0.3 ～ 0.6g intravenously. (2) Commonly used amount in children: 6 ～ 12mg / kg according to body weight.

Adverse reactions

Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, cold sweats, cyanosis, shortness of breath, fainting, hypotension, shock, convulsions. In addition to the excessive dose, the degree of adverse reactions is also related to the speed of injection of this product.

Precautions

(1) When patients with cardiovascular and arteriosclerosis need to apply, the dosage should be appropriately reduced and the injection speed should be slowed down.

(2) Nitrosamine synthesized using this product has carcinogenic effects in animals, but it has not been reported in humans.

(3) Injection of a larger dose of this product can cause cyanosis of high hemoglobin. Methylene blue can be used to reduce high hemoglobin.

(4) This product only temporarily delays its toxicity to cyanide poisoning. Therefore, after the application of this product, sodium thiosulfate is injected through the original intravenous injection needle to make it combine with CN- and become less toxic thiocyanate and excreted in the urine.

(5) It must be used in the early stage of poisoning. The poisoning effect will not be detoxified if the poisoning time is longer.